Early action by bystanders is particularly important for the survival of victims, especially in cases of cardiac arrest or airway obstruction. However, few bystanders are willing to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The use of a live video during emergency calls appears to have a positive effect on the number of CPR performed by bystanders [...]

This article contributes to exposing inner workings of academic research on Ecosystem Services (ES) and their indicators. A self-reflexive study in a lab of environmental economics for more than two years reveals how previous research on agroecological practices in Europe is reinterpreted in order to identify the delivery of ES [...]

Cet article examine onze discours sur l’écologie et le changement climatique prononcés par des étudiants lors de leurs remises de diplômes (à Centrale Nantes, ENSAIA, AgroParisTech, HEC, ENSAT, Polytechnique, Mines Paris, ESSEC). Il offre une taxonomie des critiques, engagements et sensibilités explicitées dans leurs prises de position [...]

The notion of the “expert patient” has become quite prominent in recent years. In many countries, patients are invited to sit on various committees with biomedical specialists to share their expertise on diseases and health problems with various institutions. This situation stands in stark contrast with the medical paternalism that prevailed not so long ago [...]

The notion of the “expert patient” has become quite prominent in recent years. In many countries, patients are invited to sit on various committees with biomedical specialists to share their expertise on diseases and health problems with various institutions. This situation stands in stark contrast with the medical paternalism that prevailed not so long ago [...]

Why research the genetic status of members of a family affected by a hereditary disease and reveal this information to them, particularly when there is no treatment available? On what basis does the individual at risk make the decision of whether or not to find out their genetic status and whether or not to inform their relatives? What are the effects of the presymptomatic diagnosis on those who chose to undergo it? How and to what extent does it change their lives, if at all? These three questions are the starting point for the present overview of the literature on the social and ethical issues of presymptomatic diagnosis [...]

Pourquoi rechercher le statut génétique des membres d'une famille touchée par une maladie héréditaire et leur transmettre cette information, en particulier lorsqu'aucun traitement n'existe ? Sur quelle base une personne concernée prend-elle la décision de savoir ou d'ignorer son statut génétique et d'en informer ou non les membres de sa parentèle ? Quels sont les effets du diagnostic présymptomatique sur les personnes concernées ; de quelle manière cela transforme-t-il ou pas leur existence ? Ces trois questions sont au point de départ de la revue de la littérature sur les enjeux sociaux et éthiques du diagnostic présymptomatique, dont ce texte présente une synthèse [...]

The aim of this synthesized literature review is to provide an overview of patient-reported outcomes (PROs), a term we use to refer to both health outcomes reported directly by patients, and the tools used for their collection and measurement. Developed from the 2000s onwards, PROs have multiplied as their uses have diversified [...]

Les Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) et les Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurements (PROM) sont des outils de collecte et de mesure de l’état de santé des patients, dont la particularité est d’établir ces mesures sur la base des déclarations des patients. Développés à partir des années 2000, les PRO et PROM se sont multipliés à mesure que leurs usages se sont diversifiés [...]

Ce working paper propose une première analyse des modalités d’interaction sur un forum d’entraide consacré à la « Réglementation thermique 2012 », la réglementation régissant les caractéristiques thermiques des bâtiments. Les données concernent la période 2013-2018, et elles ont fait l’objet d’une collecte par webscrapping [...]

This paper explores Commons-Based Peer Production (CBPP) and the democratisation of knowledge and technology in the field of agriculture. While most existing academic work mobilising these notions focus on the digital world, our two case studies – a legume-harvesting machine and a tool for hammering fencing poles – examine what happens when those notions are operationalised for hardware production [...]

Les plateformes de micro-travail allouent des tâches fragmentées à des foules de prestataires dont la rémunération peut être aussi faible que quelques centimes. Indispensables pour développer les intelligences artificielles actuelles, ces micro-tâches poussent à l’extrême les logiques de précarité déjà constatées à l’égard des travailleurs « uberisés » [...]

Les résultats présentés ici s’appuient sur une étude exploratoire mobilisant une méthodologie d’enquête mixte en sciences humaines, réalisée entre février et septembre 2018 . Elle vise à mettre en avant les manières dont l’information apparaît et circule sur les réseaux sociaux numériques (RSN à présent) lors d’événements majeurs [...]

This paper examines current controversies around the use of gene editing on human embryos. Gene editing techniques (such as CRISPR/Cas9) have raised numerous questions to do with governance, security, control, legislation, regulation, ethics, responsibility, and economics. While the controversy around CRISPR/Cas9 is multifaceted and multi-layered, I focus in this paper on one key issue, namely the characterizations of, and demarcations between, responsible research and irresponsible research [...]

Cet article traite de l’histoire d’un outil de quantification, le « rapport de situation comparée » – diagnostic quantifié obligatoire des inégalités sexuées au sein de l’entreprise et servant de base à la négociation des accords d’égalité professionnelle entre la direction et les syndicats – abordé à travers les attentes diverses qui pèsent sur son agentivité [...]

Déployés dans le cadre du développement des réseaux électriques "intelligents", dans un objectif affiché de maîtrise de la demande énergétique, les compteurs communicants font l’objet, dans plusieurs pays, de controverses portant sur les risques probables pour les usagers. Cet article propose une analyse exploratoire de la controverse publique sur le déploiement des compteurs électriques communicants en France en étudiant sa représentation dans les médias, notamment dans la presse nationale et locale [...]

Based on an automated textual analysis of 40,000 film reviews posted by 18,000 French contributors on a web-based platform providing information on cinema, this article examines the relationship between the profiles of contributors (number of reviews posted, length of time of subscription to the site) and the type of reviews posted (choice of films, date of publication, models of argumentation, modes of ratings) [...]

This paper examines the testing and the pricing of orphan drugs, e.g. drugs for patients suffering from rare diseases. Due to the small size of these populations, orphan molecules question established evidentiary practices, namely randomized controlled trials (RCT) and health technology assessments (HTA), driven by numbers and statistical reasoning [...]

Has patient experience or patient experiential knowledge the potential to constitute other means of doing science and technology? Does it represent an alternative to mainstream science? Has it the power to question it, to challenge it, to make it more “democratic”? To try to answer this question, I contrast two sets of configurations: the first one concerns patient groups and I will try to recap what we have learnt from what they do with experience; the second one is centred around activities of private actors as well as researchers or institutions who have decided to give patient experience an important role in research, promoting the notion of “patient centred care”, the involvement and the participation of concerned people to research and research drawing on what is called “patients’ reported outcomes” [...]

Alors que les politiques d’open data se multiplient dans le monde, on ne sait que peu de choses des conditions concrètes de l’ouverture des données publiques. En s’appuyant sur une enquête de deux ans menée dans plusieurs institutions françaises, cet article met en lumière les opérations qui sont accomplies en amont de la diffusion des données [...]

This chapter describes a thought experiment inwhich a modern day Georges Perec, equipped with a smartphone and actively committed to the use of mobile locative media such as Foursquare, would make an “Attempt at Exhausting a Place in Paris” today. I argue that the initial project epitomized the way the neutral gaze of the onlooker isconstitutive of the urban public place and the way behavior in urban public places ouldbe described and accountablein generic terms intelligible to readers themselves framed as strangers (in the sense of strangers in public places) [...]

Science policy has become a consequence as much as an engine of European integration. This paper argues that European construction is a process whereby science and democracy are jointly problematized as matters of progress and perfectibility. In turn, framing science and democracy as matters of progress participates in the making of Europe as a political, economic and moral entity worthy of public support [...]

Qu’est-ce qu’un bon vin? Boit‐on un vin, ou une étiquette –voire un prix? Se situant dans la perspective des valuation studies, ce texte traite des dispositifs de dégustation du vin. Il examine en détail les relations qu’il faut mettre en place, entre des corps, des groupes de personnes et des agencements spécifiques pour parvenir à un accord [...]

En parallèle aux investissements dans les infrastructures et la formation du personnel, Transilien a récemment fait de l'accessibilité une thématique forte de sa politique d'innovation. En Novembre 2013 est organisé le hackathon «Hackcess Transilien», décrit comme un «accélérateur de services connectés spécifiquement centrés sur les besoins des Personnes à Mobilité Réduite (PMR)» [...]

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the dynamics of problematization of ADHD in France and to understand how it emerged as a public issue in the last 15 years, drawing on the abundant production of reports related to the disorderduring this period.Until the end of the 1990s, the massive lack of academics’ interest in ADHD, may have delayed its coming as an issue worth debating and enquiring about [...]

This paper studies the new venture formation process, and thus aims at improving our understanding of how markets and the economy are constantly being re-populated with new business entities. It does so by empirically analyzing the ways in which business plans contribute to the formation of new firms, and to the shape of these new firms, based on the telling cases of three French academic spin-offs [...]

In June 2012, Renault turned Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, a town on the outskirts of Paris, into a experimentation and demonstration laboratory. The company introduced a fleet of 50 electric cars as part of a car sharing system without fixed stations called Twizy Way. This scheme falls in line with the manufacturer's development strategy for the electric car market [...]

Drawing on fieldwork in four condition areas (rare diseases, childbirth, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and Alzheimer’s disease), this article shows that patients’ organizations’(POs) engagement with knowledge is neither limited to a set of diseases nor restricted to biomedical knowledge [...]

We report on the development of a method for observing and recording the uses of mobile communications‘on the move’, based on the combination of context-oriented recordings made with user-worn camera glasses with mobile screen capture data. We show how this allows the temporal organization of gaze switches (to and away from the mobile screen) to beobserved and documented, thus providing crucial empirical information to understand how users actually manage mobile communication as well as other activities in everyday multi-activity settings [...]

This article proposes the notion of ‘evidence-based activism’ to capture patients’ and health activists’ groups’ focus on knowledge production and knowledge mobilisation in the governance of health issues. It introduces empirical data and analysis on groups active in four countries (France, Ireland, Portugal, and the UK), and in four condition areas (rare diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, ADHD – Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and childbirth) [...]

By turning private homes and community spaces into sites where biological experimentation can be carried out , do-it-yourself biology promises a democratization of science. This democratization is based upon material processes : efforts to increase the affordability, the accessibility and the mutability of scientific equipment can be observed [...]

This article considers how EPOs contribute to Europeanization from below and its promises. Based on an analysis ofthe projects, pronouncements and politics of three EPOs – EURORDIS (European Organization on Rare Diseases), Alzheimer Europe, and ADHD Europe (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) –, we investigate their role in the Europeanization ofpatient advocacy, moving it beyond national level organizing and acting [...]

In this paper, we sketch a pragmatist model of authority. We show that, as authority is concretely performed through interaction, it contributes to the constitution of organizational boundaries. Through the case of a six-month consultancy assignment at a large French energy group, our study highlights that authority is not only the result of a mandate or a particular endowment of the consultant, but has constantly tobe established as everyday work unfolds [...]

Différentes évolutions institutionnelles suggèrent qu’on ne peut plus penser les rapports entre activités marchandes et action étatique sans prendre en considération les activités de recherche et d’innovation, c’est‐à‐dire toutes ces pratiques qui génèrent en continu des flux intenses d’incertitudes ontologiques [...]

Textbooks and manuals on management suggest that managers are heroes who deal with difficult problems of collective adaptation and change. American films are similarly built on the premise of a hero confronted with extremely difficult situations. What if this hero figure promoted for so long in both management literature and the American film industry was the same at the structural level? This paper will attempt to clearly define the performance of heroes that is perhaps shared by the imagination industry (Hollywood) and the image of human relations in the western industrial world [...]

The paper examines the pragmatic efficacy of a paradigmatic representational device used in the work of management consulting: the diagrammatic presentation of managerial problems in a consultancy slideshow. We present an ethnographic analysis of a consultancy mission, focusing on the momentsin which presentation is crafted, altered and discussed before reaching a stage of relative felicity [...]

Many actors in the field of rare diseases point to the role played by the notion of ‘rareness’ in the emergence and development of what we refer to as the ‘hybrid collective model’ (HCM) of collaboration between patients and experts. The HCM features two main characteristics: (i) the constitution of communities which bring togetherfamilies and researchers as actors in the ‘war on disease’; and (ii) organized cooperation between experts and patients’ organizations in the production of knowledge on diseases [...]

Comment rendre compte de la dynamique informationnelle, cognitive, politique à l’œuvre dans ces groupes? Comment rendre compte, en amont de cela, de la composition – au sens d’un processus actif et constamment réactivé – du groupe lui-même? Dans la première temps, l’analyse présentée s’attache à décrire un panorama des méthodes qui ont été développées par les chercheurs en sociologie ou en communication pour analyser les groupes électroniques de discussion en essayant de voir quelles réponses ils ont tenté d’apporter à ces défis: les méthodes en question se divisent en deux grandes catégories, celles qui s’intéressent au contenu de ce qui s’échange et celles qui s’intéressent au réseau de relations qui résulte des échanges; rares sont les travaux qui à défaut d’articuler complètement ces deux types d’approches les mobilisent au moins de manière conjointe [...]

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is an unsettled condition whose history is characterised by controversy amongst medical professionals. Its emergence has frequently been interpreted as an example of the growing ‘medicalisation’ of society and the individualisation of social issues [...]

The literature on childbirth organisations focuses on their critical positioning towards medical definitions/practices of birth, their efforts to promote ‘natural’/’normal’ birth, their espousal of a rhetoric of choice and their relationships to feminist activism. However it says little about the practices through which these organisations seek to achieve their aims [...]